Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese Users - Free Essay Example

Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese UsersCensorship has always been active in China, no matter traditionally or digitally. Because of technological convenience in the present time, the Chinese government must move in advance to control the content on the Internet in worry of any freedom that could harm the communist party or lead to the nationrs downfall (Yang and Liu 250). The incorporation of Internet censorship is that it aims to prevent all access to resources (Bamman 1). Internet censorship is usually grouped into three generation techniques: automated filtering, manual removal by authorities, state-sponsored manipulation (Wang and Mark 2). The Chinese government largely specialize in censoring media through network filtering, search filtering, chat censorship, and blog censorship (Bamman 2). So far, much of the filtering comes from sensitive keywords that extend to political issues and information. Similar to the existence of Chinars Great Wall, the Great Firewall is the virtual representation that blocks undesirable information from entering. Because the Great Firewall blocks access in and out, this keeps sensitive information in China and it will only stay in China. The unwanted information will not be considered at all and will be removed through the censorship apparatus. In general, internet censorship may limit young users academic freedom and research opportunities, industrial companies social development with foreign relations, etc., but the system puts protection forward by having the harmful information closed before anyone obtains them. As China operates on a one-party system, censorship is made to keep an effort to strengthen political beliefs and views together. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the effects that tighter controls of the Internet have on Chinese internet users. The focus of this paper will be on the behaviors and responses of those internet users. An important factor in examining the reason behind Internet censorship in China and why it is used involves understanding the values of the Chinese. One underlying cause of strengthening censorship is focused on the concept of unity ideology (Chen and Yang 251). China looks to form a uniform country with similar cultural and social values to prevent the overthrow of the government and or disturbance to the order of society. Through control of the Internet, there seems to be a reduced number of social organization sites on the web that spark activism (MacKinnon 40). The reduced number can be explained by having people come to the government directly before opening websites. The goal of uniformity successfully keeps the nation together instead of splitting it apart due to having lessened information to a few differing views. Another cause to the implementation of Internet censorship is explained by the relevance and convenience of content found on the web (Pang 10). As Internet and mob ile continue to advance, apps have been created just for the Chinese, so they only access information that is only necessary to them. Foreign news and information play no particular importance to the lives of the Chinese (Pang 10). Without access to foreign information at all, Internet censorship may be bliss for Chinese people. It is extremely effective when people do not feel being controlled at all, creating unawareness. As for those who are aware of censorship online, there are many censorship-based strictly caused behaviors. Normalization is a conceptual process that shows the adaptation and acceptance of a certain phenomenon over time. As Internet censorship become powerful, users are growing accustomed to having restrictions on the web whenever they use it (Wang and Mark 18). The increasing of controls will only be another level to pass for a certain period, but some are able to adapt to the basic restrictions the internet already has. The only concern the users need to keep in mind is that if they find censorship to be normal, they know largely enough to not say anything that might induce harm to the government and the party. In addition, the development of behaviors in students is primarily made throug h media and peer influences, so obeying the governmentrs actions and controls on the Internet comes out as natural and normal (Guo and Feng 35). Tightening control of the Internet may restrict new and unwanted information, but users are still more than likely to find positive information that everyone has access to. Students respond to perceptions that, in all, move towards conformance of what is right in their society. Another behavior is self-censorship, the action of shutting out own thoughts about the government due to their understanding of possible risks and consequences (Zhong 976). As pertaining to certain Chinese values, self-censorship is also the strategy the Chinese government is using on its users. The elites and those in power create an atmosphere of fear to Internet users, promoting the character of self-censorship out more successfully so that they can regulate proficiently. This strategy of having users self-censor can distort and change choices but is not a voluntary act in all means. Although freedom of speech and express are mentioned in the Chinese constitution, users do not have the full potential to speak whatever they want, especially if it relates to politics or even economics. Tightening censorship encourages another boost to limit speech freedom and expression, but this creates nationalism, which brings political correctness when sensitive events and disasters hit the coun try (Zhong 978). Users have then censored their own thoughts to avoid government punishments and risks, some even also deciding to use a fake identity whenever asked or dealt with sensible political events. Although some users may find interest in sensitive events and become skeptical about the government, they may not answer honestly to questions about the government, as according to a study by Chen and Yang (11). In the end, self-censorship can prevent students from speaking out and may negatively affect them mentally since they try to avoid consequences and the results of those expressions. Furthermore, the authoritarian personality shows to explain that people readily submit to authorities and backlashes those who name the authorities (Guo and Feng 36). The Chinese government will shut down anything harmful online they find at any time. Internet users can do nothing but to obey and comply with these rules. The authoritarian personality also makes users strictly follow what the authorities have asked to put on in the rules of various companies, requiring users to register with real identities and forcing them to directly go to the government for starting websites (MacKinnon 40). Abiding authority every time new laws and restrictions are made is representative of keeping the country in unity. So far, users are ought to continue submission and conformance to government authorities even with free internet. This contributes to pro-censorship and shows that students behaviors toward censorship become more affirmative as they score high on the authoritarian test (Guo and Feng 36). The widest practice of getting around censorship is the usage of VPNs both in and out of the country. Although using a VPN is a long process before it is workable, the students who stick to this method of facing censorship persists. Users have faced slow webpage loads and connections when accessing foreign websites. Without the VPN, it is hard to get across the Great Firewall and perform research, find entertainment, seek self-status, etc. (Yang and Liu 251). Yet, as VPNs become more frequently used, the Chinese government are tightening their controls on VPNs as well, either shutting them down or making web pages load even longer. The Chinese government may be concerned about the content that is presented in domestic websites, but it also blocks undesirable foreign information from penetrating into Chinese politics, especially during periods of political activity (Bamman 3). Thus, the Chinese have removed many foreign sites and places authorities on task for watching. The government reminds Chinese users that the internet is just like the traditional setting where the same rules still apply. VPNs are one of the few areas the government will have to clean up, but there remain some that still function, yet users are facing even more anger on the speeds and the limited freedoms of the internet, making them reveal little trust to the Chinese government (Chen and Yang 22). Uncensored information can cause changes in students political attitude, as according to Chen and Yangrs experimentation, a 0-10 range score of 1.58 was the result for students trust in the government, where 10 is completely trusting the government (22). What have these reviews indicated the effects of tight Internet censorship controls in China? First, there are a sufficient number of studies that show the impact of Chinese governmental power on what it controls, traditionally or digitally. Second, research findings analyzing the behaviors of Internet users have demonstrated that users are becoming what the government wants them to be in order to universalize all ideologies and views. Thoughts about the government are well-kept through the emergence of self-censorship, and access to open information leads users to be intact with positive issues on the regime. Although the conformance to governmental rules of censorship is found in most Internet users, explanations about political efficacy in Internet users are limited in these reviews. With a better understanding of some Chinese Internet users behaviors and responses, the correlation and relationship between the Chinese government and the people online are clear. This strong relationship shows that increase of tighter controls will only continue to normal out the experience on the Internet, further indicating that reducing the strictness of censorship is not to be expected. The importance of analyzing the behaviors and responses of Chinese Internet users serve to show a majority of users to gradually mingle into one personality, which is the continuation of displaying similar ideals and solid compliance.

The Theory Of Scientific Management Essay - 1375 Words

According to Miller (2010) Scientific management (Taylorism) was devised by Frederick Taylor to improve economic efficiency especially labor productivity by analyzing and establishing workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Taylor’s scientific management was based on four principles. The first is replacing the â€Å"rule of thumb† work methods with methods based on a scientific study. The second is selecting, training and developing the most suitable person for the job. The third principle is managers should give out detailed instructions on how to do the job scientifically and supervise workers. The last principle is dividing the tasks between managers and workers. This paper will discuss if these scientific management principles are outdated in the study of organizations. I will present the principles and explain their relevance in current organizations. The â€Å"rule of thumb† is a procedure that developed from experience and common sense. It totally ignores scientific knowledge. Taylor argued that for an organization to become more efficient managers had to develop a â€Å"science of work† that is cultivating methods based on a scientific study of those tasks. Morgan (2006) asserts that this was done to determine the most efficient way of doing work. The scientific method would therefore simplify worker’s tasks in detail and specify the amount of work needed to do the task and the necessary time to finish thatShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management Theory Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of management date back to the beginning of times. Every aspect of life contains some form of management. From managing oneself, to managing employees, to managing an entire corporation, management is a key part of life. Over time different theories have been developed and have evolved. 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Problems arose, as managers were uncertain in dealing with increased labour dissatisfaction and were unsure of an appropriate method in training employees (Cliffnotes.com,n.d.). This resulted in managers developing and testing possible solutions, one of which was to focus on the efficiency of the work process, which is now known as the classicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor .This concept is one of the principles of management and is also known as classical theory .When F.W Taylor worked for Midvale steel company and Bethlehem company ,he observed that there were much disorder and wastage of human as well as other resour ces at work place . The managers and staffs had no concept about systematic and efficient performance of task. And all were following traditional ways of doing work.So

Playing with Fire Life Altering Decisions in Faulkners...

At one point or another in life, everyone has to make decisions that change ones life forever. Usually one encounters an event or a thing that propels such a decision. In William Faulkners short story, Barn Burning, Sarty, a young boy, is going through a period of initiation into adult life. During this process, he has to make a life altering decision. For Sarty, his fathers fires become the element that plays many roles and eventually drives him to decide the path of his life. In the beginning of the story, Abner is in court for having set fire to Mr. Harris barn. This fire plays an integral role in bringing father and son together. It is because of the fire that Sarty and Abner find themselves in court. It is also because of the†¦show more content†¦The first time Sarty attempts to voice his discomfort happens while the family is driving away in the wagon. Sarty thinks: Maybe hes done satisfied now, now that he has...stopping hinIBelf, not to say it aloud even to himself (228). He cannot even say the words set fire when he speaks to himse1f This hints at his unease, fear and discomfort with the situation. That same night, Abner strikes him and tells him Youve got to learn to stick to your own blood (229). Sartys reaction is that people only wanted the truth, justice (229). Here, he begins to feel consciously the division the fires cause in his thoughts. On one side, he sees his father who destroys barns with the fires, and on the other side, he s ees people whose properties are destroyed by the fires. He feels pulled in both directions at the same time. Sartys struggle with this issue intensifies in front of Major de Spains home where he a feeling of peace and joy (230) overtakes him. He hopes his father will experience the same emotion and that maybe it will even change him nowfrom what maybe he cauldnt help but be (231). Sartys desire for Abner to change indicates how strongly Sarty feels the pull of both sides. Ifhis father changed, there would be no more fires destroying crops and barns which would also mean no need to choose between justice and blood. At the end of the story, Abners last fire causes father and son to separate from each other. Abners plan to put yet another barn onShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages...................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical Reasoners ...............................................................................................

Planned and Emergent Approach Finding a Balance free essay sample

The essay will cover the importance the balance between planned and emergent approach through the framework of game theory/ net value and scenario thinking and planning. It would also incorporate the idea of chaos theory and the importance of understanding the market through certain criteria that have been learned in the course. Introduction to each approach Planned approach is a formalized approach to a strategy; it focuses on control formalization, centralization and inflexibility. Mintzberg, 1994) Organisations are subject to rigid control with no chances of improvisation and learning. Nevertheless planned approach helps marketing in the sense of decomposing and simplifying problems, rationalizing and articulating. It also assists in planning marketing by objectives of the organisation. Planned approach coordinates activities that take into account of the future, control and rationalization. Mintzberg does not agree with the 3 major objective of the planned approach which is to de compose, to rationalize and to articulate. Mintzberg argues that the 3 key objectives have flaws, since it creates no room for learning or improvisation, a reductionist view that creates inflexibility and too coordinated activity to engage in a proactive environment. Planned approach is best suited in a ruled based game since in a rule-based games consists of controlling the market whereby there is a reaction to every action. Emergent approach on the hand focus on learning, innovation and observation, which accepts changes and improvisation of plans and strategy to suit the circumstances faces. MacBeth, 2002) The emergent approach involves minimum control over a situation and emphasizes on learning, adjusting, improvising and innovating according to the situations that an organisation is in. Nevertheless in order for the emergent approach to be affective, it requires a clear business vision. Business vision is required to support ideological control and operational independence to maintain balance and prevent time wastage and cost (Hendrickson, L7 Slide 27). Emergent approach does not indicate that there is no control, or that management has no control over the organisation but rather shows the quality of willing to learn, responsiveness and flexibility. The emergent approach is best suited in a freewheeling-game. Incorporating each approach in marketing planning Marketing planning process can be defined as structure of process that links the mission, organized strategy and business strategy to make marketing decisions and actions. In order to incorporate what type of approach is suitable for a market, we need to identify the type of market. There are 5 definitions for market being, potential market, available market, qualified market, target market and penetrated market. (Wood, 2010) To further summarize the type approach that should be used in a market depends on how stochastic the market is. In a slightly stochastic market, a more planned approach should be adopted while in a more stochastic market, more of the emergent approach should be considered. A hypothesis can be made here by saying â€Å"the more stochastic the market behaviour, the more emergent your approach will need to be†. Hendrickson, L7 Slide 22). Stochastic markets are markets where environmental factors are uncontrollable, complex and dynamic, where market industries and economies are driven by change. One of the factors that determine whether a market is more or less stochastic depends on the macro-environment factors, or known as PESTER (political, economic, social cultural, technological, ecological and religious) affects the markets, making its ever changing and either being planned or stochastic. (Hubbard, Rice and Beamish, 2008). PARTS (player, added value, rules, tactic and scope) also show that it can affect the market conditions thus making a market stochastic. (Nalebuff and Brandenburger, 1995) Furthermore, customer demands can also effect market conditions, since demands are ever changing, competing organizations tend to change strategies in order to compete and suit the new demands, thus making the market ever changing and stochastic. In order to fully utilize the emergent or planned approach, the conditions of the market need to be address first, in terms of it being slightly stochastic or more stochastic. The essence of business success lies in making sure you’re playing the right game†. (Nalebuff and Brandenburger, 1995) Finding a balance point between both approaches There need to be a balanced point in using the 2 approach, the planned approach has to be changed and emergent approach should be used on certain marketing plans, this is because the planned approach is design in an ideal s tand still market, where there is no change in internal and external environments. The emergent approach is best use since market are being more stochastic and the emergent approach has the ability to improvise and create a learning environment that could give and organisation an advantage. To further explain how to locate the balance between the approach Nalebuff and Brandenburger (1995) game theory explains two types of games in the industry, this is the rule-based game and the free-wheeling game. Rule- based game organization tend use the planned approach, since its more focus on controlling the market and every reaction by competitor there is action on others. Free-wheeling games on the other hand create innovation and improvisation since everyone contributes to the game, it offers more opportunities to drive the market, and it’s suited for the emergent approach since it has less rules and loose leadership. In a slightly stochastic market organizations cannot aim at a specific future, so they plan on a range of possible alternative future in order to survive. Here an emergent approach towards planning is used, where there is self-organizing, improvising, making mistakes and learning. It incorporates both emergent and planned approach but more towards planned. Here strategies like scenario thinking and planning is used to reach objectives such as organizational learning. Furthermore organizations have to try to work on uncertainty rather than understanding and controlling which brings balance to the mixed approach in a slightly stochastic market. (De Geus, 1988) Furthermore if the market is very stochastic, organization aims will be unclear so the path followed would also be unclear, so controlled chaos can produce positive returns over a long term period. The emergent approach will be applied here to create new ideas but also using data from the past to compare with current situations, in order to create a new idea that will work in the future. Organizations have to maintain strategic business units and liberate intellectual capital, so that it has a holistic view of the market, which is better than a reductionist view. Greenley, Hooley and Saunders, (2004) stated that there are several factors that can close the gap between the prescriptive marketing planning approach and the practical realities of the tochastic markets that can enable post plan improvisation. These factors are proactive management, innovative management, the organizational learning, market orientation, spare resources and competitive aggression. As a conclusion both approach is used in marketing planning and finding the balance is a vital issue, but the balance depends on the type of market whereby in a more stochastic and free-wheeling market emergent approach is u sed, while in a rule based game, or a more deterministic market the planned approach is favoured. Framework of Game Theory and Scenario Thinking The framework of game theory or also known as net value was introduced by Nalebuff and Brandenburger, it is more dynamic since it assumes the industry is in an ever-changing conditions, its explains interdependency on competitors in an industry and 2 fundamental symmetries are identified in business first being between customers and suppliers and second between substitutors and complementors. By understanding these can help managers come up with new strategies to change the game or create new applications to existing strategies. The net value/ game theory frameworks stimulates creative and innovative thinking, since its best suited in an stochastic market, where there is unpredictable external environment and changing of the game and players is always happening. Game theory also helps organization to answer the question of â€Å"where do we want to go? † thus creating a temporary advantage in the market and making the right move in order to better an organisation in the industry. Scenario thinking is an emergent activity, it describes the possible combination of strategically significant factors and imagining what it would be like to operate in the situation. De Geus, 1988) It’s like creating a scenario in a future game and placing the organisation as a player in that particular game. It focuses more on curiosity and supports an exploratory approach to problem finding and requires three crucial marketing thinking, which are creative, critical and reflective. Creative thinking creates informatio n to finding new and different things. Critical thinking is assessing information that is under considerations and reflective thinking is evaluating the information that has been received. Scenario thinking creates imagining, curiosity, investigative approach and creates a perspective as a player in the game. All these qualities show the importance of an emergent approach in a stochastic market. Scenario planning reflects planned approach to strategy but the results is better emergent strategy; it helps create possible scenarios for the future of the organization. It cultivates management to devise strategies and make plans so the organization survives at its best. Scenario planning allows management to question and share their own assumptions about the future and create their own idea and plans to response to change. Effectiveness of framework to find balance Game theory describes the market as volatile and the internal and external environment tends to change, thus shares a common ground as a stochastic market. Game theory takes into account the action it will be able to take in order to create change for the organization to further have a better position in the market. In such a chaotic market it is difficult to make decisions, thus the importance of creating new emergent models, patience and the management role are very highly valuable in a stochastic market. This goes hand in hand with Macbeth (2002), which agrees that old and new models work closely to achieve success, in the short term, old models with have a more successful edge but with the help of management, emergent models are used to contest the chaos and crisis faced by the business. . Thus shows that Game theory can incorporated both planned and emergent approach, if managers can recognize the needs for such crisis in order to move towards a better positioning in the market. By having balance in the planned and emergent strategy through the Chaos theory enables organization to focus on a destination when markets are highly stochastic and uncertain. In conclusion, Game Theory reflects the uncertainty in the market that can change the market to be less or more stochastic, with the application of chaos theory it can handle crisis management by focusing on learning, innovating, improvising and observing which allows accepting changes and improvising plans and strategy to suit the circumstances. Scenario thinking and scenario planning was introduced by De Geus in 1988, which explains that organizations have to try and work with uncertainty rather than understanding and controlling. De Gues believe in the concept of encouraging people to â€Å"play† within certain boundaries to create a boundary for an uncertain future. This approach requires managers to condition and enable new actions to be made in order to cope with changes and provide appropriate feedback. It also creates thinking and learning that builds the core competency of the organization, without controlling management at an operational level. De Gues also believe that through scenario thinking (creative, critical and reflective) and planning it could influence the organizations thinking and put bounds on uncertainty. It is shown here that by having a balance planned and emergent approach with the help of scenario thinking and learning can build core competencies for the company. It cultivates the idea of management to question them and share their own opinion in regards to change. Basically the thinking and planning scenario shows that the planned approach could still be used but it needs to adapt to the emergent approach being to address the changes at hand but in a certain boundary. As a conclusion, this come back to the issue of the type of market an organisation is in to decide which approach should be more focus on. Nevertheless, the ability to improvise towards a suitable balanced strategy involves flexibility of decision making as stated in Greenley, Hooley and Saunders (2004). The balance of emergent and planned approach is very critical in deciding the future of an organisation so factors such as proactive management, innovation management, organizational learning, market orientation spare resources and competitive aggression need to be considered before deciding on a balanced between the two approaches. 2084 words Reference List De Gues (1988) â€Å"Planning as Learning Harvard Business Review March- April pp 70-74 Greenley, Hooley and Saunders (2004) â€Å"Management processes in Marketing Planning† European Journal of Marketing V38, No. . Hendrickson (2013) Lecture 7 â€Å"The emergent Approach to strategy† University of South Australia: Business Marketing Planning Principles Hubbard G. , Rice J. , Beamish P. , 2008 â€Å"Strategic management: thinking, analysis, action† 3rd Edition Frenchs Forest, N. S. W. : Pearson Education Australia, 2008 MacBeth, D (2002), â€Å"Emergent Strategy in Managing Cooperative Supply Chain Changeâ €  International Journal of Operations and Production Management, v22 (7) pp. 728-740 Mintzberg (1994) â€Å"The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning† Harvard Business Review, 72(1) Nalebuff amp; Brandenburger (1995) â€Å"The Right Game: Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy† Harvard Business Review, July- August Wood, M B 2010,  Essential guide to marketing planning, 2nd edn, Pearson, Sydney MARK 3009| BMPP Assignment feedback. 2. 0| Assignment 2. 0 – major research essay. Student name:| Key Assessment criteria| Performance on these criteria| Comment| | F2| F1| P2 P1| C| D HD| | 1) Describe the two approaches to strategy. | | | | | (10%)| 2) Explain how the two approaches can assist or impede the marketing planning process.. | | | | | | (20%)| 3) Explain why balance between the two approaches is required, and varies depending on the circumstances. | | | | | | (20%)| 4) Describe and understand the two frameworks i. e. Game Theory and Scenario thinking. | | | | | | (20%)| 5) Compare the effectiveness of the two frameworks in assisting marketers to find a balance between the two approaches. | | | | | | (30%)| | Bad| Poor| Fair| Good| Wow! | | The student understands the content of the course lectures and readings | | | | | | | The student has found extra readings and has explained how they â€Å"fit† with the readings and lectures in the course| | | | | | | The student demonstrates understanding of the topic(s) beyond the course material. | | | | | | | Correct citation of references (Harvard style). All sources have been accurately and truthfully acknowledged. | | | | | | | Appropriate references are used, both in text and in the reference list. | | | | | | | Concepts are clearly expressed and logically connected to support an original opinion. | | | | | | Relevant original examples, real or imaginary. | | | | | | | Creative thinking is evident. | | | | | | | Critical thinking is evident| | | | | | | Reflective thinking is evident| | | | | | | The student has answered the question, and convincingly presented an original opinion in their own words. | | | | | | | The student has demonstrated what they have learned fr om this course. | | | | | | | Correct grammar and spelling. Submission format as in course information booklet. | | | | | | | Summary comment:Assignment grade: Marker:|